### **Max Compression/Decompression Stress Test: 1-Second Cycle**

#### **Objective**:
To determine how *Culex pipiens* mosquitoes respond to rapid, repeated 1-second cycles of maximum compression and decompression, focusing on the most extreme dynamic conditions.

---

### **Experimental Setup**:
- **Syringe Size**: 5 mL
- **Initial Pressure**: 101.325 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure)
- **Final Pressure**: 505.611 kPa (max compression at 1 mL volume)
- **Compression Rate**: From 5 mL to 1 mL within **0.5 seconds**.
- **Decompression Rate**: From 1 mL to 5 mL within **0.5 seconds**.
- **Cycle Time**: 1-second total per cycle (0.5 seconds for compression, 0.5 seconds for decompression).
- **Cycle Count (N)**: Begin with **10 cycles**, but this can be extended to **15, 20, or 30 cycles** depending on initial observations.
- **Rest Between Trials**: Ensure the mosquitoes are subjected to continuous 1-second cycles without extended recovery time between cycles.

---

### **Procedure**:

1. **Max Compression in 0.5 Seconds**:
   - Compress the syringe from 5 mL to 1 mL as rapidly as possible (0.5 seconds).
   - Immediately transition to decompression after reaching 1 mL.

2. **Max Decompression in 0.5 Seconds**:
   - Decompress the syringe from 1 mL to 5 mL as rapidly as possible (0.5 seconds).
   - Repeat this process in a continuous loop, ensuring each full cycle (compression + decompression) takes exactly 1 second.

3. **Cycle Repetition**:
   - Begin with **10 consecutive cycles**, maintaining the 1-second cycle time for each.
   - If survival rates allow, continue increasing to **15, 20, or 30 cycles**.

4. **Post-Experiment Examination**:
   - After the final cycle, use high-resolution imaging to assess physical trauma and note behavioral changes.
   - Document the state of each mosquito, focusing on wings, legs, exoskeleton, and signs of internal damage.

---

### **Key Variables for 1-Second Cycle Testing**:

| Mosquito ID | Cycle Count | Compression Rate | Behavioral Changes | Physical Damage | Survival |
|-------------|-------------|------------------|--------------------|----------------|----------|
| M1          | 10 cycles   | 1 second         | Immobilized by cycle 5 | Wing tears, minor cracks | Yes      |
| M2          | 15 cycles   | 1 second         | No movement by cycle 7 | Exoskeleton cracks, leg damage | No       |
| M3          | 20 cycles   | 1 second         | Severe disorientation | Ruptured exoskeleton | No       |

#### **Behavioral and Physical Variables to Track**:
- **Behavioral Response**: Track how quickly the mosquitoes become disoriented or immobilized during the continuous cycle process.
- **Physical Damage**: Look for cumulative trauma like wing tears, leg detachment, and exoskeleton cracks.
- **Survival Rate**: Note the number of mosquitoes that survive the entire 10 or more cycles.

---

### **Expected Outcomes**:
- **Cumulative Trauma**: The rapid 1-second cycle is expected to cause significant stress after only a few cycles, with physical damage accumulating quickly.
- **Survival Threshold**: Most mosquitoes are expected to succumb by the **10-15 cycle mark**, with the majority not surviving beyond 20 cycles.
- **Behavioral Breakdown**: The continuous nature of the cycles will likely cause immediate immobilization within the first 5 cycles, with severe disorientation or no movement after further cycles.

---

### **Next Steps**:
- **Cycle Extensions**: If mosquitoes survive the initial 10 cycles, test further by extending to 20 or 30 cycles.
- **Detailed Analysis**: Use high-speed cameras and imaging tools to capture detailed behavior and damage during the 1-second cycles.
- **Incremental Speed Adjustments**: If necessary, fine-tune compression and decompression to match the exact 1-second cycle timing.

---

# **Mosquito Pressure Experiment Report**

### **Objective**:
To evaluate the effects of slow, moderate, and rapid compression rates on *Culex pipiens* mosquitoes using a syringe, with a focus on pressure changes, behavioral observations, and survival rates.

---

## **Experimental Setup**

- **Syringe Size**: 5 mL
- **Initial Volume**: 5 mL (adjusted for the presence of mosquitoes to ~4.99 mL)
- **Initial Pressure**: 101.325 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure)
- **Number of Mosquitoes**: 5
- **Date**: ____________________
- **Ambient Temperature**: ____ °C
- **Ambient Humidity**: ____ %

---

## **Procedure and Compression Rates**

### 1. **Slow Compression**  
   - **Compression Speed**: 1 mL every 5–10 seconds  
   - **Goal**: Observe gradual behavior changes and stress without immediate fatalities.  

#### **Boyle’s Law Pressure Calculations**:

| Volume (mL) | Pressure (kPa) |
|-------------|----------------|
| 5           | 101.325        |
| 4           | 126.656        |
| 3           | 168.875        |
| 2           | 253.312        |
| 1           | 505.611        |

#### **Likely Observations**:
- **At 5 mL (101.325 kPa)**: Baseline; mosquitoes exhibit natural movement.
- **At 4 mL (126.656 kPa)**: Slight increase in movement, possibly due to mild stress.
- **At 3 mL (168.875 kPa)**: Disorientation begins, some may slow down or stop flying.
- **At 2 mL (253.312 kPa)**: Noticeable stress, mosquitoes cling to the walls.
- **At 1 mL (505.611 kPa)**: Mosquitoes likely immobilized, but most should still survive if decompression is slow.

#### **Survival Prediction**:  
- **80-100% survival** expected due to gradual pressure changes allowing the mosquitoes time to adjust.

---

### 2. **Moderate Compression**  
   - **Compression Speed**: 1 mL every 2–3 seconds  
   - **Goal**: Balance between behavioral observation and potential physical damage.  

#### **Boyle’s Law Pressure Calculations**:

| Volume (mL) | Pressure (kPa) |
|-------------|----------------|
| 5           | 101.325        |
| 4           | 126.656        |
| 3           | 168.875        |
| 2           | 253.312        |
| 1           | 505.611        |

#### **Likely Observations**:
- **At 4 mL (126.656 kPa)**: Some mosquitoes may stop flying, increased movement erratic.
- **At 3 mL (168.875 kPa)**: Significant disorientation, mosquitoes cling to surfaces.
- **At 2 mL (253.312 kPa)**: Labored movement, possible immobilization of a few mosquitoes.
- **At 1 mL (505.611 kPa)**: Physical stress likely leads to a few fatalities, visible signs of respiratory difficulty.

#### **Survival Prediction**:  
- **50-70% survival** expected, with some damage to the mosquitoes due to moderate but noticeable pressure changes.

---

### 3. **Rapid Compression**  
   - **Compression Speed**: From 5 mL to 1 mL in 1–2 seconds  
   - **Goal**: Test lethal pressure thresholds and observe immediate physical damage.

#### **Boyle’s Law Pressure Calculations**:

| Volume (mL) | Pressure (kPa) |
|-------------|----------------|
| 5           | 101.325        |
| 1           | 505.611        |

#### **Likely Observations**:
- **At 1 mL (505.611 kPa)**: Immediate trauma to most mosquitoes. Some may suffer ruptured exoskeletons or collapsed tracheal systems, resulting in fatalities.

#### **Survival Prediction**:  
- **0-20% survival** expected due to the rapid and extreme pressure changes causing immediate damage.

---

## **Summary of Simulations**

| Compression Rate      | Pressure at 1 mL (kPa) | Likely Behavior                                       | Survival Rate (%) |
|-----------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|
| **Slow** (5–10 sec)   | 505.611                | Gradual disorientation, some immobilization           | 80-100            |
| **Moderate** (2–3 sec)| 505.611                | Noticeable disorientation, possible fatalities        | 50-70             |
| **Rapid** (1–2 sec)   | 505.611                | Immediate trauma, likely fatal                        | 0-20              |

---

## **Further Experimentation: Intermediate Compression Rates**

To fully explore the pressure response of *Culex pipiens* mosquitoes, consider testing compression speeds between the extremes:
- **Compression over 4, 6, or 8 seconds**: Document whether survival rates improve as compression becomes slower, while still observing behavioral changes.  
- Reuse the calculations and observations outlined in the **Slow** and **Moderate** compression sections as benchmarks, adjusting based on new findings.

---

### **Detailed Observations and Recording**

When conducting your experiments, use the following structure for recording results:

| Volume (mL) | Time (seconds) | Pressure (kPa) | Behavioral Changes | Visible Damage | Survival Count |
|-------------|----------------|----------------|--------------------|----------------|----------------|
| 5           | 0              | 101.325        | Baseline           | None           |                |
| 4           |                | 126.656        |                    |                |                |
| 3           |                | 168.875        |                    |                |                |
| 2           |                | 253.312        |                    |                |                |
| 1           |                | 505.611        |                    |                |                |

Document each cycle, noting mosquito behavior, visible physical damage, and survival rates. Include a section for **post-experiment examination** (e.g., magnifying glass inspection for exoskeleton damage).

---

### **Next Steps**

- **Analyze results**: Use the survival and behavioral observations to refine the experimental design. 
- **Follow-up experiments**: Continue testing intermediate compression rates (4, 6, or 8 seconds) to explore survival thresholds.
- **Report findings**: Record data in a clear, structured format and compare results to the simulations provided.


---

### **Procedure: Mosquito Pressure Experiment**

#### Purpose:
To observe the effects of rapid air pressure changes on *Culex pipiens* (common mosquito) using a syringe as the experimental apparatus.

#### Materials:
- 1 sterile syringe (10 mL or larger, with a plunger and needle removed)
- 3–5 live mosquitoes (*Culex pipiens*)
- Tweezers or small container for transferring mosquitoes
- Sterile gloves
- Magnifying glass or basic microscope for post-experiment examination
- Notebook and pen for documentation

---

#### **Procedure:**

1. **Preparation of Syringe**:
   - Remove the needle from the syringe.
   - Pull the plunger to create an open chamber in the syringe with minimal air pressure inside (roughly 5–7 mL of air space).

2. **Capturing Mosquitoes**:
   - Using tweezers or a small container, gently transfer 3–5 live mosquitoes into the syringe chamber. 
   - After the mosquitoes are inside, quickly cover the syringe opening to prevent escape.

3. **Initial Conditions**:
   - Hold the syringe vertically to allow the mosquitoes to settle. 
   - Take note of the mosquitoes' behavior and movement under normal air pressure conditions as a baseline.

4. **Experiment: Compression Phase**:
   - Slowly and steadily push the plunger inward, reducing the volume inside the syringe and increasing air pressure. 
   - Observe the mosquitoes’ behavior. Document any changes in movement, appearance, or visible damage.
   - Stop compression when significant resistance is felt or until a critical volume is reached (~1 mL).
  
5. **Experiment: Decompression Phase**:
   - Rapidly pull the plunger back to its original position (~10 mL) to decompress the air inside the syringe.
   - Watch for signs of immediate stress, including disorientation, reduced movement, or physical damage to the mosquitoes’ exoskeleton.
   - Document changes in behavior and physical condition.

6. **Optional: Repeating the Cycle**:
   - If desired, repeat the compression-decompression cycle 2–3 more times to observe the cumulative effects of repeated pressure changes on the mosquitoes.

7. **Post-Experiment Examination**:
   - Once the experiment is complete, open the syringe and transfer the mosquitoes to a flat surface.
   - Using a magnifying glass or basic microscope, inspect the mosquitoes for physical damage. Look for:
     - Crushed exoskeletons
     - Broken legs or wings
     - Changes in internal structure (if visible)
   - Record your observations in detail.

---

#### **Expected Observations**:
- **Compression Phase**: Mosquitoes may exhibit signs of distress, disorientation, or reduced movement as the air pressure increases. Their exoskeleton may buckle or rupture under extreme pressure, leading to immediate death in some cases.
- **Decompression Phase**: Rapid decompression may cause the mosquitoes’ tracheal system (air-filled tubes for breathing) to collapse or rupture due to the expansion of gases. This may result in internal trauma and respiratory failure.
- **Cumulative Effects**: Multiple compression-decompression cycles can exacerbate physical damage and lead to certain death due to mechanical and respiratory trauma.

---

#### **Documentation**:
- Record the **starting air volume** and the **compressed volume** for each phase.
- Note any **visible physical damage** to the mosquitoes after each pressure change.
- Provide a summary of the mosquitoes’ behavior throughout the experiment.

---

# Mosquito Pressure Experiment: Detailed Data Collection Sheet

## Experimental Setup
- Syringe size: ____ mL
- Number of mosquitoes: ____
- Initial air volume: ____ mL
- Date and time: ____________________
- Ambient temperature: ____ °C
- Ambient humidity: ____ %

## Observation Table

| Phase | Cycle | Volume (mL) | Estimated Pressure (kPa) | Behavior Changes | Visible Damage | Survival Count |
|-------|-------|-------------|--------------------------|-------------------|----------------|----------------|
| Initial | - | | 101.325 (atmospheric) | | | |
| Compression | 1 | | | | | |
| Decompression | 1 | | | | | |
| Compression | 2 | | | | | |
| Decompression | 2 | | | | | |
| Compression | 3 | | | | | |
| Decompression | 3 | | | | | |

## Detailed Observations

### Initial Conditions
Describe the mosquitoes' behavior and appearance before the experiment:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

### Compression Phase Observations
Note any changes in movement, appearance, or visible damage during compression:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

### Decompression Phase Observations
Describe signs of stress, disorientation, or physical damage after rapid decompression:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

### Cumulative Effects
Document any observed differences in mosquito reaction with repeated cycles:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

## Post-Experiment Examination

### Physical Damage Assessment
Use a magnifying glass or microscope to inspect and describe any damage:

1. Exoskeleton condition: ________________________________________________
2. Legs and wings: ______________________________________________________
3. Visible internal structure changes: ______________________________________

### Survival Rate
- Number of mosquitoes at start: ____
- Number of mosquitoes surviving at end: ____
- Survival rate: _____%

## Additional Notes
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

## Calculations

1. Estimated Pressure (using Boyle's Law):
   P2 = (P1 * V1) / V2
   Where:
   - P1 = Initial pressure (101.325 kPa)
   - V1 = Initial volume (mL)
   - V2 = New volume (mL)
   - P2 = New pressure to be calculated (kPa)

2. Survival Rate:
   Survival Rate (%) = (Number of surviving mosquitoes / Initial number of mosquitoes) * 100