# General System Information
- **hostnamectl**: Displays system hostname and identification data.
- **lsb_release -a**: Provides LSB (Linux Standard Base) information about the distribution.
- **cat /etc/os-release**: Shows information about the operating system, such as name, version, and ID.
- **uname -n**: Displays the system's network node hostname.
- **uname -r**: Shows the kernel release.

# Kernel and System Version
- **cat /proc/version**: Shows the Linux kernel version and related information.
- **uname -a**: Displays kernel version, architecture, and other system information.
- **uname -r**: Displays the kernel release version.
- **uname -v**: Shows the kernel version and build date.
- **dmesg | grep -i linux**: Displays boot-time messages, which often include kernel version information.

# System Uptime and Load
- **uptime**: Displays system uptime and load averages, useful for monitoring system performance.
- **w**: Shows who is logged on and their activity, along with system uptime.
- **top -n 1 | head -n 10**: Provides a quick snapshot of the system's uptime and load without continuous updating.

# Hardware Information
- **lscpu**: Shows detailed information about the CPU architecture.
- **lsblk**: Lists information about block devices, such as hard drives and their partitions.
- **lspci**: Lists PCI devices, providing details about internal hardware components.
- **lsusb**: Lists USB devices connected to the system.
- **dmidecode**: Outputs hardware information from the BIOS/UEFI, including system manufacturer, model, and serial number.
- **free -h**: Displays memory usage in a human-readable format.
- **inxi -Fxz**: Provides comprehensive system information, including hardware, network, and software details (requires installation).

# Network Information
- **ip addr show**: Shows IP addresses and network interfaces.
- **netstat -tuln**: Displays listening sockets and associated programs, useful for network troubleshooting.
- **ss -tuln**: Modern alternative to `netstat`, showing listening sockets and their statuses.
- **ifconfig**: (Deprecated) Displays network interface information; `ip addr` is recommended for newer systems.
- **ip link show**: Shows detailed information about network interfaces.

# Disk Usage
- **df -h**: Shows disk space usage in a human-readable format.
- **du -h**: Estimates file space usage, providing details on disk usage of files and directories.
- **lsblk -f**: Displays file system information for each block device.
- **df -i**: Shows inode usage of file systems.

# Process Information
- **ps aux**: Lists all running processes with detailed information, including user, PID, CPU, and memory usage.
- **top**: Provides real-time information about running processes and system resources, sorted by CPU usage.
- **htop**: An interactive version of `top` with a more user-friendly interface for monitoring processes and system resources.
- **pstree**: Displays running processes as a tree, showing parent-child relationships.
- **pgrep -l <pattern>**: Searches for processes matching a pattern.
- **pidstat**: Provides detailed statistics on CPU, memory, and I/O usage per process.

# Additional Useful Commands
- **dmesg | less**: Views kernel ring buffer messages.
- **journalctl -xe**: Views the systemd journal for debugging and log information.
- **vmstat**: Provides detailed information on system processes, memory, paging, block I/O, traps, and CPU activity.
- **iostat**: Provides CPU and I/O statistics, useful for identifying bottlenecks.

