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# **Mosquito Pressure Experiment Report**
### **Objective**:
To evaluate the effects of slow, moderate, and rapid compression rates on *Culex pipiens* mosquitoes using a syringe, with a focus on pressure changes, behavioral observations, and survival rates.
---
## **Experimental Setup**
- **Syringe Size**: 5 mL
- **Initial Volume**: 5 mL (adjusted for the presence of mosquitoes to ~4.99 mL)
- **Initial Pressure**: 101.325 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure)
- **Number of Mosquitoes**: 5
- **Date**: ____________________
- **Ambient Temperature**: ____ °C
- **Ambient Humidity**: ____ %
---
## **Procedure and Compression Rates**
### 1. **Slow Compression**
- **Compression Speed**: 1 mL every 5–10 seconds
- **Goal**: Observe gradual behavior changes and stress without immediate fatalities.
#### **Boyle’s Law Pressure Calculations**:
| Volume (mL) | Pressure (kPa) |
|-------------|----------------|
| 5 | 101.325 |
| 4 | 126.656 |
| 3 | 168.875 |
| 2 | 253.312 |
| 1 | 505.611 |
#### **Likely Observations**:
- **At 5 mL (101.325 kPa)**: Baseline; mosquitoes exhibit natural movement.
- **At 4 mL (126.656 kPa)**: Slight increase in movement, possibly due to mild stress.
- **At 3 mL (168.875 kPa)**: Disorientation begins, some may slow down or stop flying.
- **At 2 mL (253.312 kPa)**: Noticeable stress, mosquitoes cling to the walls.
- **At 1 mL (505.611 kPa)**: Mosquitoes likely immobilized, but most should still survive if decompression is slow.
#### **Survival Prediction**:
- **80-100% survival** expected due to gradual pressure changes allowing the mosquitoes time to adjust.
---
### 2. **Moderate Compression**
- **Compression Speed**: 1 mL every 2–3 seconds
- **Goal**: Balance between behavioral observation and potential physical damage.
#### **Boyle’s Law Pressure Calculations**:
| Volume (mL) | Pressure (kPa) |
|-------------|----------------|
| 5 | 101.325 |
| 4 | 126.656 |
| 3 | 168.875 |
| 2 | 253.312 |
| 1 | 505.611 |
#### **Likely Observations**:
- **At 4 mL (126.656 kPa)**: Some mosquitoes may stop flying, increased movement erratic.
- **At 3 mL (168.875 kPa)**: Significant disorientation, mosquitoes cling to surfaces.
- **At 2 mL (253.312 kPa)**: Labored movement, possible immobilization of a few mosquitoes.
- **At 1 mL (505.611 kPa)**: Physical stress likely leads to a few fatalities, visible signs of respiratory difficulty.
#### **Survival Prediction**:
- **50-70% survival** expected, with some damage to the mosquitoes due to moderate but noticeable pressure changes.
---
### 3. **Rapid Compression**
- **Compression Speed**: From 5 mL to 1 mL in 1–2 seconds
- **Goal**: Test lethal pressure thresholds and observe immediate physical damage.
#### **Boyle’s Law Pressure Calculations**:
| Volume (mL) | Pressure (kPa) |
|-------------|----------------|
| 5 | 101.325 |
| 1 | 505.611 |
#### **Likely Observations**:
- **At 1 mL (505.611 kPa)**: Immediate trauma to most mosquitoes. Some may suffer ruptured exoskeletons or collapsed tracheal systems, resulting in fatalities.
#### **Survival Prediction**:
- **0-20% survival** expected due to the rapid and extreme pressure changes causing immediate damage.
---
## **Summary of Simulations**
| Compression Rate | Pressure at 1 mL (kPa) | Likely Behavior | Survival Rate (%) |
|-----------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|
| **Slow** (5–10 sec) | 505.611 | Gradual disorientation, some immobilization | 80-100 |
| **Moderate** (2–3 sec)| 505.611 | Noticeable disorientation, possible fatalities | 50-70 |
| **Rapid** (1–2 sec) | 505.611 | Immediate trauma, likely fatal | 0-20 |
---
## **Further Experimentation: Intermediate Compression Rates**
To fully explore the pressure response of *Culex pipiens* mosquitoes, consider testing compression speeds between the extremes:
- **Compression over 4, 6, or 8 seconds**: Document whether survival rates improve as compression becomes slower, while still observing behavioral changes.
- Reuse the calculations and observations outlined in the **Slow** and **Moderate** compression sections as benchmarks, adjusting based on new findings.
---
### **Detailed Observations and Recording**
When conducting your experiments, use the following structure for recording results:
| Volume (mL) | Time (seconds) | Pressure (kPa) | Behavioral Changes | Visible Damage | Survival Count |
|-------------|----------------|----------------|--------------------|----------------|----------------|
| 5 | 0 | 101.325 | Baseline | None | |
| 4 | | 126.656 | | | |
| 3 | | 168.875 | | | |
| 2 | | 253.312 | | | |
| 1 | | 505.611 | | | |
Document each cycle, noting mosquito behavior, visible physical damage, and survival rates. Include a section for **post-experiment examination** (e.g., magnifying glass inspection for exoskeleton damage).
---
### **Next Steps**
- **Analyze results**: Use the survival and behavioral observations to refine the experimental design.
- **Follow-up experiments**: Continue testing intermediate compression rates (4, 6, or 8 seconds) to explore survival thresholds.
- **Report findings**: Record data in a clear, structured format and compare results to the simulations provided.
---
### **Procedure: Mosquito Pressure Experiment**
#### Purpose: