Add tech_docs/networking/cloud_networking.md
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tech_docs/networking/cloud_networking.md
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tech_docs/networking/cloud_networking.md
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Here’s a **structured, comprehensive breakdown of cloud networking**, organized into key sections for clarity and depth. We’ll cover foundational concepts, multi-cloud strategies, security, and vendor-specific implementations (AWS, Azure, GCP).
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---
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# **Cloud Networking: The Complete Outline**
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*(Focusing on the 20% that delivers 80% of the value for senior roles)*
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---
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## **1. Foundational Concepts**
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### **1.1 Cloud Networking vs. Traditional Networking**
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| **Aspect** | **Traditional Networking** | **Cloud Networking** |
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|--------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
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| **Topology** | Fixed (hardware-based) | Dynamic (software-defined) |
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| **Scalability** | Manual provisioning | Auto-scaling |
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| **Cost Model** | Capex-heavy | Pay-as-you-go (Opex) |
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| **Security** | Perimeter-based (firewalls) | Zero Trust (microsegmentation) |
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### **1.2 Key Cloud Networking Components**
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- **Virtual Private Cloud (VPC/VNet/VCN)**: Isolated virtual networks.
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- **Subnets & Route Tables**: Segmentation and traffic steering.
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- **Load Balancers**: Distribute traffic (ALB, NLB, GLB).
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- **Gateways**: Internet (IGW), NAT (NAT-GW), VPN (VGW), and Direct Connect (DX).
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- **Peering**: Connect VPCs (e.g., AWS VPC Peering, Azure VNet Peering).
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---
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## **2. Multi-Cloud & Hybrid Networking**
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### **2.1 Hybrid Cloud Connectivity**
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- **VPN over Public Internet**: Site-to-site IPSec (AWS VPN, Azure VPN Gateway).
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- **Dedicated Private Links**:
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- AWS **Direct Connect** / Azure **ExpressRoute** / GCP **Cloud Interconnect**.
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- Lower latency, higher reliability than VPN.
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### **2.2 Multi-Cloud Strategies**
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- **Transit Hubs**:
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- AWS **Transit Gateway** / Azure **Virtual WAN** / GCP **Network Connectivity Center**.
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- Simplifies mesh topologies (e.g., 100 VPCs → 1 Transit Gateway).
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- **Third-Party Solutions**:
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- **Aviatrix** (multi-cloud networking), **Megaport** (private cloud backbone).
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---
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## **3. Cloud Networking Security**
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### **3.1 Zero Trust in the Cloud**
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- **Microsegmentation**:
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- AWS **Security Groups** / Azure **NSGs** / GCP **Firewall Rules**.
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- **Cloud-Native Firewalls**:
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- AWS **Network Firewall** / Azure **Firewall** / GCP **Cloud Armor**.
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### **3.2 Encryption & Key Management**
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- **In Transit**: TLS/SSL, IPSec (VPNs).
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- **At Rest**: AWS **KMS** / Azure **Key Vault** / GCP **Cloud KMS**.
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### **3.3 DDoS Protection**
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- AWS **Shield** / Azure **DDoS Protection** / GCP **Cloud Armor**.
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---
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## **4. Vendor-Specific Implementations**
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### **4.1 AWS Networking**
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- **Core Services**:
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- **VPC**: Regions/AZs, Subnets, NACLs.
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- **Route 53**: DNS management.
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- **CloudFront**: CDN + edge networking.
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- **Advanced Features**:
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- **PrivateLink**: Expose services privately (bypass public internet).
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- **Global Accelerator**: Improve global app performance.
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### **4.2 Azure Networking**
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- **Core Services**:
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- **VNet**: Virtual networks with subnets.
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- **Azure Load Balancer** (L4) / **Application Gateway** (L7).
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- **Hybrid Focus**:
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- **ExpressRoute**: Private connection to Azure.
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- **Azure Firewall**: Stateful firewall service.
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### **4.3 Google Cloud (GCP) Networking**
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- **Core Services**:
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- **VPC**: Global (not region-bound like AWS/Azure).
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- **Cloud Load Balancing**: Global anycast IPs.
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- **Unique Features**:
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- **Network Tiers**: Standard (public internet) vs. Premium (Google backbone).
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---
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## **5. Performance Optimization**
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### **5.1 Reducing Latency**
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- **Edge Locations**: AWS **Local Zones** / Azure **Edge Zones**.
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- **CDNs**: AWS **CloudFront** / Azure **CDN** / GCP **Cloud CDN**.
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### **5.2 Cost Optimization**
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- **Egress Cost Control**:
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- AWS **VPC Endpoints** (S3, DynamoDB).
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- GCP **Private Google Access**.
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- **Traffic Mirroring**: AWS **Traffic Mirroring** / Azure **Packet Capture**.
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---
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## **6. Troubleshooting Cloud Networks**
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### **6.1 Top Tools**
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- **AWS**: VPC Flow Logs, Reachability Analyzer.
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- **Azure**: Network Watcher, Connection Monitor.
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- **GCP**: Network Intelligence Center, Firewall Insights.
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### **6.2 Common Issues & Fixes**
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| **Issue** | **Debug Tool** | **Solution** |
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|----------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
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| **VPC Peering fails** | AWS **Route Analyzer** | Check overlapping CIDR blocks. |
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| **High latency to cloud** | Azure **Network Watcher** | Use ExpressRoute instead of VPN. |
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| **Egress cost spikes** | GCP **Billing Reports** | Enable Private Google Access. |
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---
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## **7. Interview Prep: Key Questions**
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1. **How does AWS VPC differ from Azure VNet?**
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- *AWS VPC is region-scoped; Azure VNet can span regions with global peering.*
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2. **What’s the difference between Transit Gateway and VPC Peering?**
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- *Peering connects 2 VPCs; Transit Gateway connects 100s (hub-and-spoke).*
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3. **How do you secure east-west traffic in the cloud?**
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- *Microsegmentation (Security Groups/NSGs) + network encryption (IPSec/TLS).*
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---
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## **8. Lab & Hands-On Practice**
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### **8.1 Recommended Labs**
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1. **Build a multi-tier VPC**: Web + App + DB subnets with NAT.
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2. **Configure a site-to-cloud VPN**: AWS VPN + on-prem router.
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3. **Optimize costs**: Set up VPC endpoints to reduce egress fees.
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### **8.2 Free Tier Resources**
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- **AWS**: Free Tier (750 hrs/month of EC2).
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- **Azure**: $200 free credit.
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- **GCP**: Free Tier (always-free VPC components).
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---
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## **Next Steps**
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1. **Deep dive into your primary cloud provider’s networking certs**:
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- AWS **Advanced Networking Specialty** / Azure **Network Engineer** / GCP **Professional Network Engineer**.
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2. **Experiment with multi-cloud tools**: Terraform, Aviatrix.
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3. **Study real-world architectures**: Netflix’s Open Connect, Spotify’s GCP setup.
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Need **vendor-specific deep dives** or **mock design scenarios**? Let me know! 🌐
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